Towards understanding controversy on herzberg theory of. Frederick herzberg 19232000, clinical psychologist and pioneer of job enrichment, is regarded as one of the great original thinkers in management and motivational theory. Skinners reinforcement theory, victor vrooms expectancy theory, adams equity theory and lockes goal setting theory figure 1. Intending to discuss how the theory was developed, how reliable it is in the work place today, and if it plays a role in the motivation of people in the workforce. In the late 1950s, herzberg surveyed numerous employees to find out what particular work elements made them feel. Implications, limitations of twofactor theory of motivation. They claim that only studies that take reasonable steps to recreate herzbergs method can be. Mcclellands theory sometimes is referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory. In the late fifties, interviews of 200 engineers and accountants of pittsburg area of u.
The twofactor theory also known as herzbergs motivationhygiene theory and dualfactor theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. Frederick herzberg s well known twofactor theory was designed in year 1959. While the distinction between the motivational and hygiene factors is interesting to understanding the applicability of motivation theory directly in the design of the organization. However, through its existence there have been many critiques. By identifying the hygiene factors, managers can fulfil the basic needs of employees and remove any element of dissatisfaction.
Nature and characteristics of the expectancy theory the expectancy theory of motivation as developed by victor vroom is a process theory of motivation and it finds an important place in the literature of motivational theories. Herzberg motivationhygiene theory essay graduateway. In a reply to house and widgor, winslow and whitsett 1967 defended herzbergs theory by publishing a critique of house and widgors analysis of the data and. Herzberg started the study of j ob satisfaction in the 1950s in pittsburg. Herzbergs motivation theory is one of the content theories of motivation. Beth polin department of management, marketing, and international business this study attempts to fully investigate the wellresearched and worldrenowned theory the two factor theory of motivation by frederick herzberg. A critical assessment of herzbergs theory of motivation.
Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Herzberg and his associates conducted a research based on the interview of 200 engineers and accountants who looked for 11 different firms in pittsburgh area, u. Frederick herzberg motivation theory frederick herzberg 19232000, clinical psychologist and pioneer of job enrichment, is regarded as one of the great original thinkers in management and motivational theory. How do you motivate employees, the conclusions he drew were extraordinarily influential, and still form the bedrock of good motivational practice nearly half a century later. What are the basic components of herzberg s motivatorhygiene theory.
According to herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. Herzbergs motivation hygiene theory applied to high school. These attempt to explain the factors that motivate individuals through. Fredrick herzberg and his associates developed the motivation hygiene theory, commonly known as the two factor theory, in the late 1950s and early 1960s. For example, bad working conditions are likely to be a source of dissatisfaction, but excellent working conditions might not produce correspondingly high rates of satisfaction, whereas other improvements such as. In the last byte, we looked at herzberg s 2 factor theory. Theories of motivation and their application in organizations. It is mostly applicable to poor and developing countries where money is still a big motivating factor. In todays byte, we look at some of the criticisms for the theory. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the theories of motivation and how they are used to inspire employees to develop the drive to achieve. M aslows theory of needs is the most widely known motivational theory, proposed by abraham maslow in 1970. Herzberg theorized that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction move on.
Herzberg s motivation hygiene theory this theory classifies the factors needed to motivate people into two categories. Munich personal repec archive herzbergs motivationhygiene theory and job satisfaction in the malaysian retail sector. Herzbergs twofactor theory of motivation in 1959, frederick herzberg, a behavioural scientist proposed a twofactor theory or the motivatorhygiene theory. Unlike maslows theory, herzbergs motivationhygiene theory claims that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction result from different causes.
The herzbergs motivationhygiene theory is given by fredrick herzberg and his associates, who studied the variables that are perceived to be desirable to achieve goals and the undesirable conditions to avoid. Herzbergs inference regarding differences between satisfiers and motivators cannot be completely accepted. When employees have no dissatisfaction arising from the job environment. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. It motivates them to work harder in order to gain recognition, which translates into a. Twofactor theory of motivation hygiene and motivational factor. And in the end, it ensures the betterment of the overall economic condition of a county. Since this theory gives a clear cut idea, doing a study based on this theory to identify about employee turnover intention is useful. While negative recognition at work includes criticism. Herzbergs motivationhygiene theory and job satisfaction in. Herzberg s two factor theory, also known as the motivation hygiene theory, was derived from a study designed to test the concept that people have two sets of needs. Herzberg s theory can be applied by managers to motivate employees. May, 2017 frederick herzberg in his publication the motivation to work 1959 claimed that he executed examinations to determine which elements in an employees work environment triggered satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
The two factor theory or herzberg s theory of motivation is still to this day, holding to the test of time. These results form the basis of herzberg s motivation hygiene theory sometimes known as herzberg s two factor theory. So motivation is one of the vital factors for development of an or ganization. Organizational behavior and ltua performance 6, 441457 1971 a critique of herzberg s incident classification system and a suggested revision1 joseph sciineider and edwin a. Proponents of the two factor theory criticize the theorys critics. Motivationhygiene theory is also known as herzbergs twofactor theory or herzbergs dualfactor theory 1959. Herzberg conducted a widely reported motivational study on 200 accountants and engineers employed by firms in and around western pennsylvania. Management dissertations herzbergs twofactor theory. Herzberg s twofactor theory 3 herzberg published the twofactor theory of work motivation in 1959.
Leaders can rekindle peoples desire to grow and learn. The theory was highly controversial at the time it was published, claims to be the most replicated study in this area, and provided the foundation for numerous other theories and frameworks in human resource development herzberg, 1987. A critique of herzbergs incident classification system. Herzbergs motivationhygiene theory and job satisfaction. On the other hand, employees satisfaction has to do with socalled motivation. Herzbergs two factor theory, also known as the motivationhygiene theory, was derived from a study designed to test the concept that people have two sets of needs. While herzberg s theory is an extension of maslows theory of motivation. The main difference between maslow and herzberg s theory of motivation lies in the basis. Frederick herzberg in his publication the motivation to work 1959 claimed that he executed examinations to determine which elements in an employees work environment triggered satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
Herzberg s two factor theory of motivation herzberg s two factor theory of motivation maintenance and motivational factors and criticism. Building on herzbergs twofactor theory, personenvironment fit theory, as well as recent subsaharan evidence, analysis of the collected data yields four turnover mechanisms. The twofactor theory also known as herzberg s motivation hygiene theory and dualfactor theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. Before settling on one theory to use in my analysis, i wanted to get a better understanding of some of the most familiar motivational theories. Herzbergs two factor theory melanie bannister abstract. The twofactor theory also known as herzbergs motivation hygiene theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. Unlike maslows theory, herzberg s motivation hygiene theory claims that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction result from different causes. This often has something to do with socalled hygiene factors, such as salary and work conditions. Herzbergs theory frederick herzbergs motivationhygiene theory on job satisfaction is considered to be one of the most revolutionary research in this arena. He did this by interviewing over 200 professionals.
Accordingly, herzberg s twofactor theory posits that a good leader would give motivation to the members of staff in the organisation so that they would do their job well yusoff et al. Herzbergs motivation hygiene theory applied to high. In contrast, herzberg s theory on motivation reveals that there are a number of variables existing at the workplace that results in job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The twofactor theory also known as herzbergs motivationhygiene theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction.
Despite existing criticism it can be stated that the twofactory theory fulfils all four criteria of a valuable academic theory whitsett and winslow 1967, it has resolving and explanatory power, has generated a vast amount of further research herzberg 1993 and is a useful base for prediction on the topic of workplace motivation. Another important contribution to our understanding of individual motivation came from frederick herzberg s studies, which addressed the question, what do people really want from their work experience. Herzberg s theory frederick herzbergs motivation hygiene theory on job satisfaction is considered to be one of the most revolutionary research in this arena. Herzberg s motivation hygiene theory herzberg s motivation hygiene theory is often called the two factor theory and focuses on those sources of motivation which are pertinent to the accomplishment of work hall and williams 1986, 6. Victor vrooms expectancy theory of motivation an evaluation. This theory assumes on the one hand, that employees can be dissatisfied with their jobs.
The psychologist frederick irving herzberg 19232000 extended the work of maslow and proposed a new motivation theory popularly known as herzberg s motivation hygiene twofactor theory. Maslows theory is the most popular and widely cited theory of motivation and has wide applicability. He is noted for among other things his ideas on job enrichment, enlargement and rotation. Understanding herzberg s motivation theory by john ball 03 oct 2003 understanding what motivates people in all walks of life is basic to all who aspire to management. It was developed by frederick herzberg, a psychologist, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other. According to herzberg s theory, only challenging jobs that have the opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement and growth will motivate personnel. A persons motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs.
Oct 10, 2016 theories that falls under this category are maslows need hierarchy, mcdellands achievement theory, hertzbergs two factor theory and the alderfer erg theory callahan et al. Jun 26, 20 understanding herzbergs motivation theory by john ball 03 oct 2003 understanding what motivates people in all walks of life is basic to all who aspire to management. Limitations of herzberg two factor theory of motivation. The expectancy theory looks at motivation in a more comprehensive and realisticthan some of the other theories. The twofactor theory is an oversimplification of the true relationship between motivation and dissatisfaction. Dec 12, 2019 the herzberg two factor theory is a theory about motivation of employees. Herzberg and his associates dropped a bombshell on the traditional view of job satisfaction by introducing motivatorhygiene theory and challenged to the established model of job satisfaction 4. In this context, the study was conducted wherein the experiences and feelings of 200 engineers and accountants were. These two factors that have an effect on job satisfaction are divided into two sets of categories.
Meeting some of the said needs can satisfy an individual, while not being able to achieve it can leave some dissatisfied. In the late 1950s, herzberg surveyed numerous employees to find out. Their criticisms of the theory were based upon the expectancy model being too simplistic in nature. Based on two hundred engineers and accountant feedback collected in the usa regarding their personal feelings towards their working environments, herzberg defined two sets of factors in deciding employees working.
Research 8 criticized the following propositions of motivatorhygiene theory. Herzbergs motivationhygiene theory, and assert that the hygiene factors are less. Herzbergs motivatorhygiene theory introduction to business. Maslow s needs hierarchy, alderfers erg theory, mcclellands achievement motivation and herzberg s twofactor theory. Herzbergs motivationhygiene theory is a lso known as the twofactor theory.
In order to activate individuals specific behaviour, sources of stimulus that will encourage the particular individual to behave explicitly must be clearly. While herzbergs theory is an extension of maslows theory of motivation. Badubi school of management, wuhan university of technology, wuhan, p. He published his findings in the 1959 book the motivation to work. The two factor theory has had a considerable amount of practical and as well as theoretical influences.
What is the herzberg two factor theory of motivation. Maslows theory is a general theory on motivation which expresses that the urge to satisfy needs is the principle variable in motivation. Herzberg s motivation hygiene theory two factor theory to better understand employee attitudes and motivation, frederick herzberg performed studies to determine which factors in an employees work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Herzbergs twofactor theory of job satisfaction dtic. Dec 08, 20 in the last byte, we looked at herzberg s 2 factor theory. Twofactor theory of motivation hygiene and motivational. Herzberg s twofactor theory of motivation in 1959, frederick herzberg, a behavioural scientist proposed a twofactor theory or the motivatorhygiene theory. Oct 23, 2012 money is a hygiene factor, based on herzbergs theory, but it is a motivation for a lot of employees.
In fact, from a practical perspective, the influence of herzbergs motivation theory can be seen at every organizational level as well as within every department. Introduction job satisfaction is extensively reported to exert enormous influence on performance, retention and turnover rates of the employees 1, 2. Herzberg s motivation theory model, or two factor theory, argues that there are two factors that an organization can adjust to influence motivation in the workplace. Baruch school of business and public administration. Herzberg motivation hygiene theory every individual has their own basic need. Herzberg s two factor theory melanie bannister abstract. Locke university o maryland it is argued that herzberg s twofactor theory of job satisfaction may not be an artifact of the critical incident method as such, but rather of the system used to classify the incidents. Herzberg s two factor theory of motivation clearly divides factors which affect employee in to two categories called hygienic factors and motivational factors. Herzbergs two factor theory of motivation herzbergs two factor theory of motivation maintenance and motivational factors and criticism. Herzbergs twofactor theory 3 herzberg published the twofactor theory of work motivation in 1959. One of the best known of all the writers on motivation is herzberg. This paper discusses the herzberg theories of motivation also known as the two factor theory, or motivatorhygiene theory. We will use these terms interchangeably in this article.
Herzbergs motivation theory model goes by a number of different names, including two factor theory, herzbergs motivationhygiene theory, and duel structure theory. Some of the critics of the expectancy model were graen 1969 lawler 1971, lawler and porter 1967, and porter and lawler 1968. Twofactor theory, theory of worker motivation, formulated by frederick herzberg, which holds that employee job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are influenced by separate factors. The psychologist frederick irving herzberg 19232000 extended the work of maslow and proposed a new motivation theory popularly known as herzbergs motivation hygiene twofactor theory. Munich personal repec archive herzberg s motivation hygiene theory and job satisfaction in the malaysian retail sector. The main concept of this theory is the difference between motivation factors and hygiene factors. These findings were detailed in the human side of enterprise, first published in 1960. In 1968, herzberg indicated that there were 16 other studies from various parts of the world that use different population samples that are supportive of his original findings. Herzberg theorized that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction move on two distinct and independent continuums.
Pdf motivation mcclellands needs theory branden jaquays. Achievement people with a high need for achievement nach seek to excel and thus tend to avoid both lowrisk and highrisk situations. Herzberg s inference regarding differences between satisfiers and motivators cannot be completely accepted. What are some criticisms of herzberg theory of motivation.
238 138 1305 1373 333 783 1174 1263 212 1085 1212 1358 562 1134 56 1099 1038 206 337 95 341 191 285 1490 925 635 342 271 1041 1204 810 1274 564